EXIOBASE

What is an EMRIO Model?

An Environmentally Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output (EMRIO) model is a framework that integrates traditional economic input-output analysis with environmental data. Its key features include:

• Economic Input-Output analysis: describes how industries purchase inputs (goods and services) from each other to produce outputs.
• Environmental extensions or stressors: adds information such as energy use, carbon emissions, water consumption, waste generation, and other environmental pressures associated with each industry's activity.
• Multi-regional: covers multiple countries or regions simultaneously, capturing interlinked supply chains around the globe.

EMRIO models thus allow researchers and policymakers to:

• Calculate "footprints" (e.g., carbon footprint or water footprint) of products and services.
• Identify environmental pressures embedded in global supply chains.
• Compare production-based versus consumption-based environmental impacts.

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What is EXIOBASE?

EXIOBASE is a global, detailed, and fully balanced set of Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) tables combined with environmental extensions. It is designed to track economic and environmental flows across countries and regions. EXIOBASE provides:

• Geographical coverage: covers dozens of individual countries (commonly around 44 countries) plus "Rest of World" regions to represent the entire global economy.
• Thin sector detail: disaggregates the global economy into many industries and products (often over 160 sectors).
• Time series: offers data for multiple years, enabling trend analysis of environmental and economic changes.

Two versions: Industry-by-industry (IxI) and Product-by-product (PxP)

1. Industry-by-Industry (IxI)

   • Focuses on industries as both the producing and consuming units.
   • Simplifies certain analyses by attributing environmental pressures directly to industries.
   • Often used in policy contexts where regulations or measures target specific industry sectors (e.g., steel, chemicals, transport).

2. Product-by-product (PxP)

   • Organizes data around products (goods and services), rather than the industries that produce them.
   • Useful in scenarios where the primary interest is tracking life-cycle impacts of specific products.
   • Commonly employed in detailed lifecycle assessment, consumption footprint studies, or product policy analyses.

Both versions rely on the same underlying data (supply tables, final demand tables, and environmental extensions) but are arranged differently to meet various analytical needs.

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Specificities of EXIOBASE 3.8.1

EXIOBASE undergoes periodic updates to improve data quality and expand coverage. Version 3.8.1 (sometimes referred to as 3.81) is a refined update of EXIOBASE 3. Key highlights include:

1. Extended time series

   • Covers economic and environmental data for multiple years (e.g., 1995-2016).
   • Allows long-term trend analysis of global production, consumption, and associated environmental impacts.

2. Improved data consistency and balancing

   • Incorporates the latest data corrections and revised national accounts from various statistical agencies.
   • Better reconciliation of supply-use tables, ensuring that global totals are consistent and balanced across countries.

3. Refined environmental extensions

   • More accurate data on greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutants, energy use, material extraction, water use, and land footprint.
   • Updates reflect improved estimation methods (e.g., new emission factors or updated resource extraction statistics).

4. Harmonized classification

   • Maintains a consistent classification scheme (e.g., industries, product categories) across the time series.
   • Facilitates harmonized cross-country comparisons and time-trend analyses.

5. Bug fixes and minor adjustments

   • Corrections to previous versions' known data gaps or inconsistencies.
   • Enhanced user documentation and metadata to clarify methodologies and differences across versions.

These updates make EXIOBASE 3.8.1 a robust dataset for research and policy analysis in areas such as:

• Consumption-based accounting of carbon, water, and material footprints.
• Environmental responsibility allocation between exporting and importing nations.
• Sector-specific or product-level life cycle assessment.